World History (Grades 9–10) Midterm — Full-Course Review

Part 1: Multiple Choice

1. Why did Henry VIII break with the Roman Catholic Church?
   1. A. The Pope refused to annul his first marriage
   2. B. The Pope tried to invade England
   3. C. He disagreed with Calvin's teachings
   4. D. He wanted to join the Lutheran church in Germany
2. Why did the Renaissance begin in the Italian city-states?
   1. A. Wealth from trade and a heritage of Roman ruins and texts
   2. B. The absence of any powerful banking families
   3. C. Isolation from the rest of Europe and its ideas
   4. D. A strong central king who funded all artists
3. What was the main goal of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?
   1. A. To reform the Church and stop the spread of Protestantism
   2. B. To unite Catholic and Protestant churches into one
   3. C. To translate the Bible into every language
   4. D. To end the power of the Pope
4. What did Machiavelli argue in The Prince?
   1. A. Rulers should avoid using force at all times
   2. B. Rulers should do whatever is practical to keep power
   3. C. Rulers should share power with elected assemblies
   4. D. Rulers should follow the advice of the Pope
5. What role did the Medici family play in the Renaissance?
   1. A. They were Spanish monarchs who funded explorers
   2. B. They were German princes who protected Martin Luther
   3. C. They were Florentine bankers who sponsored artists and scholars
   4. D. They were English nobles who led the Reformation
6. Which conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire?
   1. A. Juan Ponce de León
   2. B. Ferdinand Magellan
   3. C. Francisco Pizarro
   4. D. Hernán Cortés
7. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) do?
   1. A. Ended a war between England and Spain
   2. B. Gave France control of North America
   3. C. Banned the Atlantic slave trade
   4. D. Divided newly claimed lands between Spain and Portugal
8. What was the Columbian Exchange?
   1. A. A bank founded by Christopher Columbus
   2. B. The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between hemispheres
   3. C. A trade agreement between Spain and China
   4. D. The exchange of prisoners after European wars
9. Which nation sponsored Columbus's voyage in 1492?
   1. A. England
   2. B. France
   3. C. Portugal
   4. D. Spain
10. Historians often sum up the motives for European exploration as what?
    1. A. Faith, family, and farming
    2. B. Peace, land, and bread
    3. C. God, gold, and glory
    4. D. Liberty, equality, and fraternity
11. Why did Galileo face trial by the Church in 1633?
    1. A. He refused to use a telescope
    2. B. He invented the printing press
    3. C. He supported the idea that Earth moves around the sun
    4. D. He denied that the moon existed
12. Why is the Haitian Revolution significant?
    1. A. It was the first revolution in South America
    2. B. It was led by Simón Bolívar
    3. C. It returned Haiti to French control
    4. D. It was the first successful slave revolt to create an independent nation
13. Isaac Newton is best known for what?
    1. A. Discovering the circulation of blood
    2. B. Proving Earth was flat
    3. C. Inventing the microscope
    4. D. Laws of motion and universal gravitation
14. Why did Thomas Hobbes support a strong ruler?
    1. A. He believed people were naturally good and peaceful
    2. B. He believed democracy was the safest system
    3. C. He believed people without government would live in chaos
    4. D. He believed the Church should govern society
15. Voltaire is best known for defending what?
    1. A. Freedom of speech and religious tolerance
    2. B. The divine right of kings
    3. C. Strict state control of trade
    4. D. An official national religion
16. Which was a major social effect of the Industrial Revolution?
    1. A. Fewer people working outside the home
    2. B. A decline in city populations
    3. C. The end of child labor in factories
    4. D. Rapid growth of cities
17. What was a goal of the British Factory Act of 1833?
    1. A. To limit child labor in textile factories
    2. B. To raise tariffs on imported cotton
    3. C. To ban labor unions
    4. D. To end the use of steam power
18. Which industry was the first to be widely mechanized?
    1. A. Steel
    2. B. Electricity
    3. C. Automobiles
    4. D. Textiles
19. Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations argued for what?
    1. A. A free market with little government interference
    2. B. High tariffs to protect industry
    3. C. A return to farming economies
    4. D. Government ownership of all factories
20. How did railroads affect industrialization?
    1. A. They cut the cost and time of moving goods
    2. B. They were used only for carrying passengers
    3. C. They slowed the growth of factories
    4. D. They made canals more important
21. Why was the Suez Canal (1869) important?
    1. A. It brought water to farms in the Sahara
    2. B. It linked the Mediterranean and Red Seas, shortening trips to Asia
    3. C. It connected the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea
    4. D. It linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
22. What did the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) do?
    1. A. Created the League of Nations
    2. B. Gave independence to African nations
    3. C. Set rules for European powers to claim African land
    4. D. Ended the Atlantic slave trade
23. What did Britain gain after the First Opium War?
    1. A. Taiwan
    2. B. Shanghai as a colony
    3. C. Control of Korea
    4. D. Hong Kong
24. How was Social Darwinism used during the age of imperialism?
    1. A. To claim some races were superior and should rule others
    2. B. To argue against building colonies
    3. C. To support independence for colonies
    4. D. To prove that all cultures were equal
25. The Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium is known for what?
    1. A. Banning European trade in Africa
    2. B. Brutal forced labor to collect rubber
    3. C. Peaceful self-rule by local leaders
    4. D. Being the first African democracy
26. Which event began World War II in Europe?
    1. A. Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939
    2. B. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia
    3. C. Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
    4. D. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
27. What did the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 symbolize?
    1. A. The division of Germany into two nations
    2. B. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe
    3. C. The start of the Cold War
    4. D. The beginning of the Korean War
28. Which event brought the United States into World War II?
    1. A. The fall of France
    2. B. The invasion of Normandy
    3. C. The bombing of London
    4. D. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor
29. What was the Holocaust?
    1. A. A battle on the Eastern Front
    2. B. A peace treaty after World War II
    3. C. A Japanese attack in the Pacific
    4. D. The Nazi genocide that murdered about six million Jews
30. What did the Treaty of Versailles require of Germany?
    1. A. Accepting blame for the war and paying reparations
    2. B. Taking over Austria-Hungary's lands
    3. C. Building a larger army for defense
    4. D. Joining the League of Nations immediately

Part 2: Written Response

31. Explain how Enlightenment ideas influenced one political revolution (American, French, Haitian, or Latin American).
32. How did the outcome of World War I help set the stage for World War II?